Urea fertilizer is widely used in agriculture. They are considered an economic nitrogen source.
The chemical formula of urea is CO(NH2)2 and, in nature, urea n46 is excreted in the urine of mammals. Commercial urea fertilizers are produced by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide.
The fertilizer, in its solid form, is provided as either prills or granules. Granular urea is slightly larger than prilled urea and are more dense. Both prilled and granular urea fertilizers contain 46% N.
Nitrogen leaching and volatilization rates are usually higher when using the prilled form. Therefore, granular urea fertilizers are 15-20% more efficient than prilled and is supplied by different urea fertilizer suppliers.
Urea fertilizer are highly soluble (solubility of 1079 g/L at 20ºC). Therefore, in addition to soil applications, urea fertilizer price are different and urea manufacturers produce this product with different qualities around the world. Also urea suppliers distribute this product in different ways. However, urea fertilizers should not be used in soilless culture, as urea will immediately leach out of the container.
The NPK grade of a solide urea fertilizer is 46-0-0. Another fertilizer containing high concentration of urea is Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN). UAN is a liquid fertilizer containing between 28 and 32% nitrogen. 50% of the nitrogen is urea, 25% ammonium nitrogen and 25% nitrate nitrogen.
REACTIONS OF UREA FERTILIZERS IN SOIL
Plants cannot absorb urea nitrogen. In order for the plant to absorb nitrogen applied as urea, nitrogen must be converted into ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3‑), which are the nitrogen forms that plants can use.
Urea fertilizers should be applied carefully. If not applied correctly, nitrogen losses due to volatilization may occur and, in some cases, urea might cause damage to germinating seeds.
Urea should be incorporated into the soil by irrigation or rainfall soon after its application. Application of urea fertilizers to the soil surface without incorporating them into the soil results in greater losses of nitrogen. Losses are greater in soils of high pH. Urea fertilizers should be applied when temperature is not too low or too high. Soil temperatures of 15- 20°C (70°F) are considered adequate.
Using urea fertilizers with urease inhibitors – urease inhibitors reduce the rate of hydrolysis and, therefore, of ammonia production and volatilization. This allows additional one or two weeks for incorporating the urea fertilizer into the soil by rain, irrigation or other means.
Urea fertilizers containing biuret – biuret is a chemical compound with the formula [H2NC(O)]2NH, which is formed in the manufacturing process of urea fertilizers. In high concentrations biuret might be toxic to crops.
Most urea fertilizer contain 1.0 to 1.3% biuret, which is considered safe to use. However, some crops are more sensitive. For foliar applications on sensitive crops, low-biuret fertilizers )contain approximately 0.25% biuret) should be used. Biuret might also damage seedlings if the urea fertilizer is placed too close to germinating seeds.
Once applied, the urea fertilizer reacts with water in the soil and with urease, an enzyme that exists abundantly in soils, and goes through an hydrolysis process, in which urea is converted into ammonium carbonate.
Ammonium carbonate is then converted into ammonium or to ammonia gas (NH3), depending on conditions such as pH, temperature and soil moisture.
Ammonia gas readily volatilizes from the soil and, as a result, significant losses of nitrogen may occur if conditions favor formation of ammonia rather than ammonium.
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